The footwear industry has seen significant technological advancements, from innovative materials to improve comfort and performance in sports shoes to sustainable practices in shoe production.

The insole is the inner part of the shoe where the foot rests. It is often cushioned to provide comfort and support, and some shoes have removable insoles for added customization. The outsole is the bottom of the shoe that makes contact with the ground. It is typically made of rubber or other durable materials, providing traction and protection against wear and tear.

Some shoes, especially athletic or performance-oriented ones, have a midsole between the insole and outsole. The midsole provides cushioning and shock absorption, reducing the impact on the feet and joints during activities.

The heel is the raised part at the back of the shoe, often made of the same material as the outsole or a different material for added style. Heel heights can vary widely, from flat to high heels.

Shoes can have different closure systems such as laces, zippers, buckles, Velcro, or slip-on designs. The closure is essential for securing the shoe on the foot. The toe box is the front part of the shoe that covers the toes. It can be open or closed, depending on the shoe style and purpose.

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